Nucleic acids are the main information carrying molecules of the cell and play a central role in determining the inherited characteristics of every living thing. Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer biochemistry ask for details. The process by which a replica, or identical copy, of dna is made when a cell divides. Thus, to make nucleic acids for cell proliferation purposes, cells have to upregulate both energy metabolism and the nucleotide biosynthetic pathways. The mechanisms by which genetic information is transmitted during reproduction and cell division and by which nucleic acids are replicated and nucleic acids and proteins are synthesized and degraded and by which these processes are controlled are so complex chemically that there are, consequently, many sites at which foreign compounds including drugs may have a direct effect on the. Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store genetic information and enable protein production. Nucleic acids such as adenine or guanine are also purine metabolites.
Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer hk. There is no known mechanism for the transfer of genetic information from proteins to nucleic acids. Chapter 11 nucleic acids and protein synthesis nucleic acids the transfer of genetic information to new cells is accomplished through the use of biomolecules called. When the focus is on the biosynthesis and degradation of nucleotides, in other words on their turnover, the treatment is similar to that of other nitrogenous. Deoxyribonucleic acid dna is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. Likewise, other dna sequences have structural purposes or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. The dna segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other dna sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. The chapter also discusses the problems that arise in the synthesis of rna, by dna, and in the reading of the amino acid code. Synthesis of new proteins using the genetic information it has transported. I dna as genetic material and nucleic acid metabolism ralph kirby encyclopedia of life support systems eolss dna in that it contains the pentose sugar ribose while dna contains a different pentose. Nucleic acid metabolism is the process by which nucleic acids dna and rna are synthesized and degraded.
Describe the primary structure of dna and rna and secondary and. Replication, repair, and recombinationthe three main processes of dna metabolism are carried out by specialized machinery within the cell. These carry genes and help in inheritance or transfer of characters from the parents to the offspring. Nucleic acids thus control the information that makes every cell, and every organism, what it. Purine aromatic organic compound that consists of a pyrimidine ring and an imadazole ring. The identification of dna as the genetic material and the elucidation of its structure revealed that genetic information must be specified by the order of the four bases a, c, g, and t that make up the dna molecule. Dna is composed of a deoxyribose ring and one of four bases.
Know the three chemical components of a nucleotide. Found within cell nucleus for storing and transfering of genetic information that are passed. Genes act by determining the structure of proteins, which are responsible for directing cell metabolism through their activity as enzymes. One is a partial hgprt deficiency and the other is an overactive. Recognition of damageassociated molecular patterns. The transfer of genetic information to new cells is accomplished through the use of biomolecules called.
The special aspects of the chemistry of nucleic acids dictate their structure, how they are replicated and how they, as the bearers of genetic code, transfer that information for use in cellular metabolism and development. Nucleic acid metabolism is concerned with the synthesis and breakdown of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, their utilisation in dna and rna synthesis and the structure, localisation and function of these nucleic acids. Pdf ironsulfur clusters in nucleic acid metabolism. This information is transmitted by transcription into rna molecules, proteins are then synthesized in a process involving translation of the rna. Structure of dna consists of two strands of nucleotides that form a twisted ladder double helix sugar and phosphate alternate along the sides of the ladder linked by strong covalent bonds pairs of nitrogen bases form the rungs of the ladder linked by weak hydrogen bonds. Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, catabolism of purine nucleotides and hyperuricemia and gout disease, organization of mammalian genome, structure of dna and rna and their functions, dna replication semi conservative model, transcription or rna synthesis, genetic code, translation or protein synthesis and inhibitors,nucleic acids,nucleic acid,nucleotides and nucleic acids. Dna replication nucleic acid metabolism and genetic. The amino acid sequence of every protein and the nucleotide sequence of every rna.
This ribonucleic acid is of nuclear origin and conveys genetic information from dna in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where amino acids become grouped to form proteins. These articles represent the very best nar papers, in terms of originality, significance and scientific excellence. Functions as template for translating genes into proteins, transfers amino acids to the ribosome site on a. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. In 1889, richard altmann investigated the chemical properties of nuclein. Nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer. Synthesized by dna for the transportation of genetic information to the protein building apparatus in the cell.
The synthesis of nucleic acids dnas and rnas from nucleosides5. The order in which these nucleotide bases appear in the nucleic acid is the coding for the information carried in the molecule. Nucleoid structure and replication of the chromosome. May 18, 2016 functions of nucleic acids functions of rnaribonucleic acid. Nuclein is the material found in the nucleus, consisting mainly of nucleic acids, protein, and phosphoric acid. Fundamentals of biochemistry, cell biology and biophysics vol. The chapter discusses the conserved dna unit in information transfer, such as. Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, catabolism of purine nucleotides and hyperuricemia and gout disease, organization of mammalian genome, structure of dna and rna and their functions, dna replication semi conservative model, transcription or rna synthesis, genetic code, translation or protein synthesis and inhibitors, nucleic acids, nucleic acid,nucleotides and nucleic acids. The term nucleic acid is the overall name for dna and rna. Nucleic acids as genetic material judd major reference.
Dna polymerase is used to catalyze the synthesis of dna. Deoxyribose is present in the nucleic acid found in the yeast cell nuclei, while ribose is contained in the nucleic acid obtained from pancreas. Dna is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic material in all freeliving. Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a fivecarbon sugar, and a phosphate group. Apr 19, 2001 the special aspects of the chemistry of nucleic acids dictate their structure, how they are replicated and how they, as the bearers of genetic code, transfer that information for use in cellular metabolism and development. Errors that creep in during replication or because of damage after replication must be repaired. Biosynthesis of nucleic acids authorstream presentation. Compare and contrast ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides. Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides, which in turn are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group and.
Identify phosphoester bonding patterns and nglycosidic bonds within nucleotides. Nucleic acids are the biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. Griffith transformation, oswald avery, colin macleod, and maclyn mccarty,hersheychase experiment,rna as genetic material. The central feature of bacterial nucleic acid metabolism is the nucleoid, a cytoplasmic region that is so densely packed with nuclear material that it excludes ribosomes and can be readily seen in electron micrographs. Intro to gene expression central dogma the genetic code. Nucleotides and nucleic acids brief history1 1869 miescher isolated nuclein from soiled bandages 1902 garrod studied rare genetic disorder. Dna replication nucleic acid metabolism and genetic information transfer unit4 2ndsemester subject biochemistry 2nd sem b. Expression of genetic information the cell ncbi bookshelf.
Replication, repair, and recombinationthe three main processes of dna metabolismare carried out by specialized machinery within the cell. The name comes from the fact that these molecules are. In other words, the nucleotide bases serve as a sort of genetic alphabet on which the. Nucleic acid metabolism encompasses the formation and polymerization of nucleotides into macromolecular structures, such as dna and rna, the further modification of these macromolecules and their catabolism and excretion. The ability of nucleic acids to store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next is a fundamental condition for life.
Nucleic acids thus control the information that makes every cell, and every organism, what it is. Nucleic acids research nar publishes the results of leading edge research into physical, chemical, biochemical and biological aspects of nucleic acids and proteins involved in nucleic acid metabolism andor interactions. Introduction to nucleic acids definitions by definition, nucleic acids are biomolecules that store genetic information in cells or that transfer this information from old cells to new cells. Localization of nucleic acids and their synthesis within the cell. Nucleic acid free download as powerpoint presentation. Nucleotide synthesis is an anabolic mechanism generally involving the chemical reaction of phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleic acid building blocks nucleic acids are polymers that consist of nucleotide residues.
Nucleotide biochemistry can be treated both as an aspect of nitrogen metabolism, along with such compounds as amino acids and porphyrins, and as an aspect of nucleic acid metabolism. Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides, which in turn are composed of a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Nucleic acid metabolism an overview sciencedirect topics. Nucleic acids as genetic information carriers free download as powerpoint presentation. Nucleus nucleus contains threadlike structures called chromosomes. Unesco eolss sample chapters fundamentals of biochemistry, cell biology and biophysics vol. Learn about the structure of rna, the flow of genetic information, and the transcription of dna to form rna. Before this information can be used for protein synthesis, however, an rna copy. Dna and rna are composed of two classes of nitrogen.
When a cell divides, a copy of this genetic code is passed to the new cell. The dna is indeed the carrier of this information which is transmitted from generation to generation. A nucleic acid is a chain of nucleotides which stores genetic information in biological systems. Two genetic defects have been identified as the probable cause of primary gout in some patients. Nucleic acids and genetic information transfer learning objectives each student should, without reference to his or her notes, be able to. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. A nucleic acid is a polymer in which the monomer units are nucleotides.
Smith, in reference module in biomedical sciences, 2014. It creates dna and rna, which store the information needed by cells to create proteins. As described above, uric acid and atp are products of purine metabolism. Deoxyribonucleic acid dna and ribonucleic acid rna. Nucleic acids as genetic material els judd wiley online.
The dna segments carrying this genetic information are called genes. These molecules are composed of long strands of nucleotides. Deoxyribonucleic acid dna encodes the genetic information of the cell. Some viruses use rna, not dna, as their genetic material, but arent. Nucleic acids are polymers that consist of nucleotide. They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomers made of three components. Jan 27, 2015 for nucleic acid biosynthesis, which is energetically costly, the nucleotide synthesis consumes 0. Destruction of nucleic acid is a catabolic reaction. This chapter provides an overview of the structure of nucleic acids, chemistry of nucleotides, nucleotide metabolism, function of nucleic acid and diseases of.
Though only four different nucleotide bases can occur in a nucleic acid, each nucleic acid contains millions of bases bonded to it. Dna is the genetic material found in living organisms, all the way from. Together, they keep track of hereditary information in a cell so that the cell can maintain itself, grow, create offspring and perform any specialized functions its meant to do. This information is stored in multiple sets of three nucleotides, known as codons. In addition to the reasonably straightforward catabolism pathways of the nucleic acids, metabolomics experiments also need to consider salvage pathways, by which partial.
Rna rrna, transfer rna trna, or structural genes encoding proteins mrna. Dna and rna deoxyribonucleic acid ribonucleic acid chromosomes, nucleotide and nucleoside, nucleic acids, dna and rna, recombinant dna. Nucleic acids exist in all organisms including pathogens, and function as a store of genetic information for protein translation and synthesis. Learn about the genetic code, translation and protein synthesis.
Nucleic acid, naturally occurring chemical compound that is capable of being broken down to yield phosphoric acid, sugars, and organic bases. Dna replication and rna transcription and translation. Transfer rnas trnas are also involved in protein synthesis, but their job is to act as. Nucleic acids structure and function what you need to know about dna and rna. Dna must be replicated accurately in order to ensure the integrity of the genetic code. Dna as genetic material and nucleic acid metabolism. The name comes from the fact that these molecules are acids that is, they. Nucleic acid definition, function and examples biology. Mar 06, 2015 the dna segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other dna sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of this genetic information. Nucleic acids are the main informationcarrying molecules of the cell and play a central role in determining the inherited characteristics of every living thing. The metabolism of nucleotides is discussed in chapter 21, and a more detailed examination of the function of nucleic acids is the focus of part iv of this text. Nucleic acid metabolism involves the degradation of mrnas by micrornas mirnas and. The primary function of nucleic acids, which in nature include dna and rna, is to store and transfer genetic information. He found it behaved as an acid, so the material was renamed nucleic acid.
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